Monday, January 27, 2020

Philosophy of Law: Common Law vs Statute Law

Philosophy of Law: Common Law vs Statute Law Joana Mae Lico George Fletcher writes that there are three components of law, and those are statutes, cases, and writings about law. Each law has a role they play in our understanding on how law legal systems operate. A statute is a written law accepted by a legislature on the state or federal level. Statutes established forth general propositions of law that courts apply to specific circumstances. A statute may prohibit a certain act, direct a certain act, make a declaration, or create forth governmental mechanisms to aid society. A statue starts as a bill proposed or supported by a legislator. If the proposal survives the legislative committee process and is acknowledged by both parties of the legislature, it will become a law when it is signed by the executive officer. When a bill becomes law, the several provisions in the bill are called statutes. The term statute indicates the advancement of a bill from legislative proposal to law. State and federal are together in statutory codes that assembl e the statutes by subject. These codes are available at law libraries and are published in book form. Lawmaking powers entrusted mainly in elected officials in the legislative branch. The entrusting of the chief lawmaking power in selected lawmakers is the essence of a representative democracy. Apart from the federal and state constitution statutes passed by elected lawmakers are the first laws to check in finding the law that involves to a case. As legislative enactments, statutory trail the usual process of legislation. A bill is presented in the legislature and chosen upon. If permitted, it passes to the executive branch (either a governor at the state level or the president at the federal level). If the executive signs the bill it passes into law as a statute. If the executive fails or declines to sign the bill, it can be rejected and sent back to the legislature. In most instances, if the legislature again permits the bill by an established margin it becomes a statute. Statutes are not consistent and unalterable. A statute may be changed or cancelled by the lawmaking associates that proposed it, or it may be overturned by a court. A statute may delay, or dismiss, under the terms of the statute itself or under legislatives that automatically terminate statutes except if they are authorized before the given amount of time has passed. Statutes are the main source of law, and the power to ratify statutes is reserved to elected law makers. However, judicial decisions also have the force of law. Statutes do not control every possible case, and even if a statute does control a case, the courts will still have to explain it. Judicial decisions are known collectively as case law. A judicial decision lawfully binds the parties in the case, and also may present as a law in the similar prospective sense as does a statute. In other words, a judicial decision establishes the result of the particular case, and also may control future conduct of all persons within the jurisdiction of the court. In contrast with statues, case law is a dynamic and continually developing body of law. Each case contains apportion in which the facts of the argument are set forth as well as the holding and dictating an explanation of how the judge arrived at particular assumption. In addition, a case might contain an agree and disagree opinion of other judges. A judicial opinion may be used as an example for similar cases. This means that the judicial opinion in the case will guide the result with the same cases. With that being said, a judicial opinion can constitute the law on fixed issues within a particular jurisdiction. Courts can create law in this way when no statute exists to rule a case, or when the court interprets a statute. For example, if a petitions court maintains that witness testimony on memory recovered through therapy is not acceptable at trial, that decision will be the rule for those who have similar cases within the appeals courts jurisdiction. This decision will last as a law until the court changes itself or is reversed by a higher court, or until the state or federal legislature permits a statute that overrides the judicial decision. If the courts put an end to a statute and the legislature approved a similar statute, the courts may have an opportunity to announce the new statute unconstitutional. This sequence can be repeated any time if legislatures continually test the constitutional limits on their own lawmaking powers. Sometimes courts receive tasks to statutes or regulations based on constitutional grounds. Courts can create law by cancelling parts or all of a specific piece of legislation. The Supreme Court has the power to make law irrevocable to explain the state of constitution an d to announce holdings that have the force of law. Judicial opinions also provide legal authority in cases that are not through statute. Legislatures have not accepted statutes that govern every possible disagreement. In addition, the language included in statutes does not secure every possible condition. Statutes may be written in wide-ranging terms, and judicial opinions must clarify the language of applicable statutes stated by the truth of the case at hand. Regulations approved by administrative agencies also cover statutory separation, and courts are occasionally called to explain the rules as well as statutes. Statute laws and case laws are based on the same principles of what is good and bad. The parliament and the judges always reflect the public opinion in making laws. The basic element in making a law is what the majority of people thinks. Although most legal arguments are enclosed at least in part by statutes, tort and contract disputes are exceptions, in that they are largely ruled by case law. Criminal law, tax law, patent law, bankruptcy law, and property law are amongst the parts of law that are covered first and foremost by statute. References Common Law vs Statutory Law. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2017, from http://www.diffen.com/difference/Common_Law_vs_Statutory_Law What is statute law? definition and meaning. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2017, from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/statute-law.html (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2017, from https://www.hg.org/case-law.html Common Law vs Statutes. (2010, December 18). Retrieved March 24, 2017, from https://pjcjournal.wordpress.com/common-law-vs-statutes/

Sunday, January 19, 2020

YbAl3 Compound

Title: Electrical Resistivity and Seebeck Coefficient of YbAl3 CompoundI prepared YbAl3 specimens utilizing a hot-pressing technique and so I measured the Seebeck coefficient and electrical electric resistance over the temperature scope 150-700K in an effort to measure their possible as thermoelectric stuffs. My consequences show that YbAl3 possesses an electrical power factor dual those of the state-of-the-art Bi2Te3 thermoelectric stuffs. So I can reason that YbAl3 is a promising campaigner stuff for thermoelectric coevals utilizing â€Å" low temperature † waste heat. A thermoelectric energy convertor is really alone and dependable heat engine in which the negatron gas serves as the working fluid, BUT, its more wide-scale application has been limited by its comparatively low energy transition efficiency, so that research attempt has concentrated on bettering its public presentation by increasing the thermoelectric -of-merit, Z=a2/rl, of thermocouple stuffs, where a is the Seebeck coefficient, r the electrical electric resistance, l the thermic conduction ; a2/r is referred to as the electrical power factor. To day of the month, all the established thermoelectric stuffs are semiconducting materials in which the thermal conduction consists chiefly of two parts, a lattice and an electronic constituent with the former being significantly the larger of the two. Solid province theory has provided theoretical theoretical accounts of the lattice thermic conduction and over the past four decennaries research attempts have focused on its decrease. Unfortunately, these attempts have met with limited success due to an attach toing debasement in electrical belongingss ( Rowe and Bhandari 1983 ) . Recently, attending has focused on increasing the electrical power factor and new stuffs, some with fresh constructions such as quantum Wellss ( Mensah and Kanyah 1992, Hicks and Dresselhaus 1993 ) and multiple possible barriers ( Moyzhes and Nemchinsky 1992, Rowe and Min 1994 ) are being proposed in an effort to accomplish this aim. Traditionally, intermetallic compounds are considered inferior thermoelectric stuffs to semiconducting materials because they possess low s-of-merit. However, a member of this household of stuffs is the rare-earth intermetallic compound YbAl3, which exhibits unusual conveyance belongingss and may offer possible for development as a high public presentation thermoelectric stuff ( Van Deel et Al. 1974, Mahan and Sofo 1996 ) . The aim of this work is to look into the thermoelectric belongingss of this promising compound. Specific geometries are normally necessary in the appraisal of thermoelectric belongingss and stuffs with a comparatively big dimension ( over 1 ten 1 ten 1 mm3 ) are normally required in the building of thermoelectric elements. Preparation of such â€Å"large† specimens of pure YbAl3 proved hard due to the peritectic nature of its stage diagram. Although big dimension specimens can be prepared utilizing arc-melting technique, stuffs prepared by this method are constantly a mixture of YbAl2 and YbAl3 with different proportion depending on the get downing composing and readying conditions. However, pure YbAl3 pulverization can be obtained by crystal growing or solid diffusion ( Rowe et al.1997 ) in an aluminum oxide crucible with extra aluminum utilizing a alleged â€Å"flux technique† ( Canfield and Fisk 1992 ) . A hot-pressing technique was employed to fix the compact specimens about 6 millimeters in diameter and 1.5 millimeter midst. Hot-pressing at 200 MPa was carrie d out in vacuity ( about 10-2 millimeter of mercury ) and at a temperature of 700 K for approximately 4 hours, followed by a heat intervention at about 900 K in an aluminum surplus environment for 15 hours. The denseness of the specimen is estimated to be approximately 88 % of its theoretical value. The Seebeck coefficient and electrical electric resistance as a map of temperature over the scope 150-700 K were measured â€Å"simultaneously† utilizing an setup described in ref. ( Rowe et al. 1997 ) . The consequences of the measured Seebeck coefficient and electrical electric resistance are shown in 1 and 2, severally. The corresponding values for the established thermoelectric stuffs Bi2Te3 based metals ( Yim and Rosi 1972 ) are besides shown in the s for comparing ( broken lines ) . As expected, the electrical electric resistance is much lower than that of Bi2Te3 metal. However, although the Seebeck coefficient of YbAl3 is lower than that of Bi2Te3 based alloys, it is well larger than that of the other intermetallic compounds or metal metals. Consequently, a big electrical power factor is obtained over the whole temperature scope investigated as shown in 3. A maximal a2/r value of about 90 ten 10-4 W/mK2 is obtained at a temperature of around 250 K, which is about twice every bit big as that of the best thermoelectric stuffs antecedently reported, and over the temperature scope 300-700 K, it exceeds that of Bi2Te3 based metals by at least 50 % . The temperature dependance of the Seebeck coefficient for both YbAl3 and Bi2Te3 based alloys appears similar: the Seebeck coefficient ab initio increases with an addition in temperature until it reaches a maximal around room temperature and so decreases with a farther addition in temperature. However, the electrical electric resistance of YbAl3 additions with an addition in temperature over the whole temperature scope, while that of Bi2Te3 exhibits a similar tendency as that of the Seebeck coefficient. Bi2Te3 based metals are narrow band-gap semiconducting materials and the temperature dependance of the Seebeck coefficient and electrical electric resistance can be explained within the model of semiconducting material conveyance theory. YbAl3 is a rare-earth intermetallic compound which exhibits unusual electrical belongingss due to the â€Å"Kondo effect† : a lower limit is observed in the temperature dependance of the electrical electric resistance accompanied by a significan t value of the Seebeck coefficient. As a consequence, stuffs which exhibit the â€Å"Kondo effect† may possess a significantly big power factor. Furthermore, divergences from the Weidemann-Franz-Lorenz jurisprudence have besides been observed in â€Å"Kondo materials† ( Bauer 1991 ) , which may ease use of the thermic conduction in a similar manner to that in semiconducting materials ( White and Klemens 1992 ) . In drumhead, YbAl3 exhibits a well larger electrical power factor than any other presently available thermoelectric stuffs over the temperature scope 300-500 K. It offers a typical advantage for electrical power coevals utilizing waste hot H2O ( & lt ; 425 K ) , where the electrical power denseness instead than the transition efficiency is a major consideration ( Rowe and Min, 1996 ) . Furthermore, an improved apprehension of its well big electrical power factor and possible divergence from the Weidemann-Franz-Lorenz jurisprudence may supply an penetration into increasing the thermoelectric -of-merit in other stuffs. This work is supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation ( NEDO ) , the Energy Conversion Centre, Japan. Prof. R.J.D.Tilley, Mr. R. Jones and Dr. D. Pasero are acknowledged for X-ray analysis of specimens. Bauer, E. , Adv. Phys. , 40, ( 1991 ) , p417 Canfield, P.C. and Fisk, Z. , Philosophical Magazine, 65, 6, ( 1992 ) , p1117 Yokels, L.D. and Dresselhaus, M.O. , Phys. Rev. B47, ( 1993 ) , 12 p727 Mensah, S.Y. and Kanyah, G.K. , J. Phys: Condens. Mater. 4, ( 1992 ) , p919 Mahan, G.C. and Sofo, J. O. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol 93, July, ( 1996 ) , p7436 Moyzhes, B.Y. and Nemchinsky, V. , Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, ( 1992 ) , Arlington, Tx. , USA, p232 Rowe, D.M. and Bhardari, C.M. , Modern Thermoelectrics ( Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983 ) Rowe, D.M. and Min, G. , Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Thermoelectric, ( 1994 ) , Kansas City, USA, p339 Rowe, D.M. and Min, G. , IEE Pro.-Sci. Meas. Technol. Vol. 143. No. 6. , ( 1996 ) , 351 Rowe, D.M. , Min, G. , Williams, S.G.K. , Kuznestsov, V. and Aourn, A. , NEDO Technical Results Report: TR3 ( 1996-1997 ) , University of Wales, Cardiff, ( 1997 ) Van Daal, H.J. , Van Aken, P.B. and Buschow, K.H.J. , Phys. Lett. , 49A, 3, ( 1974 ) , p246 White, D.P. and Klemens, P.G. , J. Appl. Phys. , 71 ( 9 ) , ( 1992 ) , p4258 Yim, W.M. and Rosi, F.D. , Solid-State Electronics, 15, ( 1972 ) , p1121

Friday, January 10, 2020

Educational practice Essay

In the United States, bilingualism is a crucial issue that must be addressed. Although bilingualism has no clear cut definition yet, Shenker (no date) provides one appropriate definition of bilingualism. According to him, bilingual children are â€Å"are those†¦ who speak/have been spoken to in two (or more) languages in the home since birth and who are spoken to in only one or both of those two languages at school. † (Shenker, no date). These children may also be spoken in one language at home but acquired (or is exposed to) a second-language when they start attending school. There is a common misperception that bilingual children are more unsuccessful academically than monolingual children. However, researches show that bilingual children have superior performances than their monolingual counterparts. Perhaps the first one to radically change this perception is the study done Peal and Lambert in 1962. They conducted research regarding the premise that bilingualism causes retardation. However, their conclusion proved otherwise. They found that experiences from two cultures provide bilingual children an advantage such as increased mental dexterity and superior ability to think abstractly than that experienced by monolinguals (Peal & Lambert, 1962). Other researches show an association between bilingualism and greater cognitive flexibility and awareness of language (Cummins & Culutsan, 1974; Diaz, 1983; Hakuta & Diaz, 1984). Moreover, bilingual children were proven to have more effective controlled processes. Although their study was conducted among adults only, they generally concluded â€Å"that controlled processing is carried out more effectively by bilinguals and that bilingualism helps to offset age-related losses in certain executive processes† (Bialystok, Klein, Craik, & Viswanathan, 2004). Because of their greater cognitive flexibility, bilingual children outperform their monolingual counterparts in virtually almost every subject including mathematics. Nevertheless, bilingual children, including their parents, still do not have the confidence to learn and interact with others. This is due to a punishment in the early 1900s where bilingual children are severely punished for speaking their home language. Although researches have found that bilingual children have greater cognitive flexibility than monolingual children, none has yet been undertaken investigating what practice can be used in teaching bilingual children to interact with other people. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate what teaching practice can be used in teaching bilingual children, in which they can improve not just their understanding of the project but also their interaction with other people. Statement of the Problem Mathematics is considered as one of the most difficult subjects to understand. Students have difficulty applying the basic computational skills to a more complex mathematics or science (Seceda & dela Cruz, n. d. ). Researchers argue that this difficulty in understanding the concepts of mathematics is due to most educators’ strict observation to procedure (Schoenfeld, 1988). Although there is a steady rise in students’ achievement scores in mathematics since the early 1980’s (Seceda, 1992) showing that educators are successful in teaching basic computational skills to students, they have been less successful in teaching the students when to apply the skills they have taught (Dossey, Mullis, & Jones, 1993; Dossey, Mullis, Lindquist, & Chambers, 1988; Mullis, Dossey, Foertsch, Jones, & Gentile, 1991; Mullis, Dossey, Owen, & Phillips, 1993; Seceda & dela Cruz, n. d. ). Thus, it is important that educators should focus in teaching mathematics for understanding to students rather than in observing strict procedures. However, one must note the fact that teaching for understanding does not just concern the mainstream or majority students. As Seceda and Cruz emphasize that â€Å"teaching for understanding concerns more generally all students including those with diverse social backgrounds. It is believed that mathematics involves considerable use of English, especially word problems† (Seceda & dela Cruz, n. d. ). Due to this belief, it only follows that children who are studying English as a second-language (or second language learners) have difficulty in studying mathematics. In this context, the term â€Å"bilingual children† means students who are second-language learners. Most schools in the United States teach mathematics in a â€Å"procedural† manner. That is, when students solved a particular mathematical problem in an unconventional way (the computations are not presented in the algorithm taught by the teacher), their solutions are marked incorrect and will be drilled further (Seceda & dela Cruz, n. d. ), even though their solutions meant that they understand the problem but resolved to write their solution in their own way. In so doing, bilingual children, feeling that they cannot understand and cannot be understood, are being left out in classroom conversations. When teaching and learning is continued in this manner, this will eventually lead to the bilingual children’s failure in mathematics, adding to the conventional belief that bilingual children cannot engage in mathematics. Another consequence of teaching mathematics in a â€Å"procedural† manner is that children begin to perceive that mathematics makes no sense (Seceda & dela Cruz, n. d. ). This perception will increase children’s capacity to understand something which is not sensible, not practical and not applicable using with the outside world (that is, world outside the classroom). In this paper, the author investigated which educational practice is best to apply in teaching mathematics for understanding to bilingual children. Two educational theories will be examined — Pask’s Conversation Theory and Landa’s Algo-Heuristic Theory. Furthermore, the study aims to find which practice can help students not just understand mathematics but to have confidence in solving problems and in interacting with others. Research Questions The study specifically aims to: 1. compare Pask’s Conversation Theory and Landa’s Algo-Heuristic Theory; and 2. examine which one of these two is best to apply in teaching mathematics for understanding to bilingual children. Significance of the Study Results of the study will help educators find the best way to teach mathematics in which bilingual children will be able to understand and apply outside the classroom. In general, results of the study will help in finding the best way to teach children who are limited English proficient in such a way that these children can understand and apply the lessons with other activities. Moreover, the study will help teachers train their students with confidence. Overview of the Paper In Chapter 2, a review of literature is provided. In this chapter, the definition of bilingualism is discussed. Researches undertaken on bilingual children’s cognitive development are provided. Then bilingual education is defined according to literature. Historical background on the evolution of bilingual education (1800s-1900s) is also provided. The author also discusses emotional, linguistic and academic issues bilingual education is concerned with. Mathematics education is also discussed in this chapter. Theories applied in mathematics teaching are discussed. Problem solving is given importance in the discussion on mathematics education. Cognitive background information on addition, subtraction multiplication and division is also given which provides as basis for the word problems given to the participants of the study. Finally, in this chapter, researches done involving mathematics and bilingualism are provided. Chapter 3 provides the theoretical framework used in the study. The first part discusses Pask’s Conversation Theory and the second part discussed Landa’s Algo-Heuristic Theory. Chapter 4 provides the methodology used for obtaining the results needed. This section explains the research design the study used. Sample, sample setting, procedure and data collection and analysis are discussed. The sample and sample setting for the study is discussed in the first part. In the second part, the author explained the procedures done from the pre-assessment stage to the classroom setting to the final assessment stage. The third part discussed how the data was collected and analyzed. In Chapter 5, results obtained from the experiment are discussed. The students’ scores obtained in the pre-assessment, addition and subtraction, multiplication and division, and final assessment examinations are shown in the first part. In the second part, results from the interview are discussed. Finally, Chapter 6 concludes the paper. The first part summarized the main findings discussed in Chapter 5. The second part gives recommendations for the teachers on how to teach mathematics for understanding to bilingual students. The third part provides limitations for the study as well as recommendations for future researches that can be carried on from this study. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Bilingualism Bilingualism has no clear-cut definition yet but Shenker (no date) provided a definition in terms of young children. According to Shenker (no date), bilingual children are â€Å"are those†¦ who speak/have been spoken to in two (or more) languages in the home since birth and who are spoken to in only one or both of those two languages at school. † (Shenker, no date). These children may also be spoken in one language at home but acquired (or is exposed to) a second-language when they start attending school. Bilingual children were perceived to have less advantageous situations than monolingual children. This perception was radically changed in 1962 by Peal and Lambert. Peal and Lambert (1962) conducted a research regarding the premise that bilingualism causes retardation. Their study reached the conclusion that experiences from two cultures provide bilingual children with greater benefits than that experienced by monolinguals such as increased mental dexterity and superior ability to think abstractly (Peal & Lambert, 1962). Other researches prove that bilingual children have superior performances than their monolingual counterparts. Researches show an association between bilingualism and greater cognitive flexibility and awareness of language (Cummins & Culutsan, 1974; Diaz, 1983; Hakuta & Diaz, 1984). Moreover, bilingual children were proven to have more effective controlled processes. Although their study was conducted among adults only, they generally concluded â€Å"that controlled processing is carried out more effectively by bilinguals and that bilingualism helps to offset age-related losses in certain executive processes† (Bialystok, Klein, Craik, & Viswanathan, 2004). Bilingual Education Despite having many researches proving that bilingual children provide greater than (or at least at the same level as) the monolingual children, there is constant debate whether to provide bilingual children with bilingual education or programs that focus uniquely on acquiring English. Bilingual education is the teaching of all subjects in school using two different languages — English and Spanish or Chinese depending which is the native language of the student. Definition According to Ovando, Combs and Collier (2006) bilingual education is not a single uniform program or a consistent methodology for teaching language minority students. Bilingual education includes a number of different program models with a number of distinct goals. Other programs may promote the development of two languages for bilingualism and biliteracy while others use the students’ first language so that students may better learn English. Some bilingual education programs preserve an indigenous or heritage language as an ethnic, cultural, or community resource. There are programs that aim to incorporate students into the mainstream of society (Baker 2001). Thus, as Cazden and Snow (1990) stress, bilingual education is â€Å"a simple label for a complex phenomenon† since not all programs necessarily â€Å"concern the balanced use of two languages in the classroom† (Baker, 2001). (Throughout this paper, the terms L1 and L2 to denote the child’s language, L1 for their native language and L2 for the language they are acquiring. ) The inseparable connection between language and culture brings bilingual programs to include historical and cultural components associated with the languages being used. As Ulibarri (1972) says: In the beginning was the Word. And the Word was made flesh. It was so in the beginning and it is so today. The language, the Word, carries within it the history, the culture, the traditions, the very life of a people, the flesh. Language is people. We cannot conceive of a people without a language, or a language without a people. The two are one and the same. To know one is to know the other (p. 295). Historical Background Discussing the historical background of bilingual education in the United States indicates that there is a cyclical pattern with regard to language policies and programs (Korschun, 2006). Furthermore, studying the origins of bilingual education helps to understand its present undertakings and its future effectiveness. There are few references that account the history of bilingual education. In this paper, I rely predominantly on Ovando et al’s account of the history of bilingual education. The 1800s. Contrary to the common perception in the United States, schools in the United States use for instruction multiple languages other than English during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Because of the increasing establishments of homesteads of different groups of different languages and countries of origin in US territories, a general sense of geographical and psychological openness existed. Some communities were self-sufficient and agrarian based while some were ethnic pockets in urban areas (Ovando, 1978b). According to historical records, many schools in the nineteenth century, both public and private, used languages other than English for instruction. In fact, during this century, following the annexation of the Territory of New Mexico, a school’s curriculum may use either Spanish or English or even both as medium for instruction (Leibowitz, 1971). In 1900, at least 600,000 children in US received part or all of their schooling in German in public and parochial schools (Crawford, 2004; Ovando &Wiley, 2003; Kloss, 1977; Tyack, 1974). Many other states passed laws providing for schooling in languages other than English (Crawford, 1992, 2004). Some public schools provided bilingual or non-English-language instruction during the second half of the nineteenth century. The 1900s. Between 1900 and 1910, over 8 million immigrants were admitted to the United States majority of which came from Europe (Stewart, 1993). Because of this, the struggle for power to control institutions became imminent. One solution to this power struggle focused on schools. This solution came in the form of â€Å"Americanizing† all immigrants. By 1919, 15 state laws had been passed calling for English Only instruction (Higham, 1992). During the first half of the twentieth century, many schools already implemented the English dominant instruction which was impelled by many factors such as the standardization and bureaucratization of urban schools (Tyack, 1974), the need for national unity during the two world wars, and the desire to centralize and solidify national gains around unified goals for the country (Gonzalez, 1975). In fact, from World War I to the 1960s, language-minority students were severely punished whenever they used a language other than English in the classroom, or even on the playground. This policy continued until the 1950s resulting to an enormous loss of many indigenous languages (Crawford, 2004; Ovando & Wiley, 2003). The consequence of this action is still visible today. The ambivalence of language-minority parents toward bilingual education reflects fears that their children will be punished for using a language other than English (Arias & Cassanova, 1993). The early 1920s saw yet another restrictive immigration laws. These immigration laws, passed by the US congress, created a national-origins quota system. These extremely restrictive laws discriminated against eastern and southern Europeans and even excluded Asians. This resulted to fewer numbers of new immigrants while second-generation immigrants dropped the use of their native languages. Moreover, bilingual education disappeared for nearly have a century in US public schools (Crawford, 1992a). Indigenous groups whose land was eventually assimilated into the United States suffered even more repressive experiences. They endured more discrimination than any other language-minority groups. From the 1850s to the 1950s, native Spanish speakers in Texas and California were taught in English Only instructions while Mexican Americans in Texas segregated to other schools. This discrimination only stopped when segregation was ruled illegal. Even though the US government initially recognized the language rights of the Cherokees in an 1828 treaty, records show that many other American Indian groups suffered an oppression of their native languages and cultural traditions which also applied to the Cherokees during that period. In 1879, American Indian children were sent to boarding schools, where they were punished for using their native language. As mentioned earlier, this resulted to the loss of languages of many indigenous groups. In North America, 210 out of 300 original languages remain. In the United States, it is only 175. Of these languages, only 18 are still being passed on to the children, namely, Hawaiian (in Hawaii), Siberian Yupi’k, Central Yupi’k (in Alaska), Cocopah, Havasupai, Hualapai, Yaqui, Hopi, Navajo, Tohono O’odham, Western Apache, Mescalero, Jemez, Zuni, Tiwa, Keresan, (in Arizona and New Mexico), Cherokee (in Oklahoma), Choctaw (in Mississippi) (Krauss, 1996). Reyhner (1996) emphasized the importance of stabilizing and restoring indigenous languages: Many of the keys to the psychological, social, and physical survival of humankind may well be held by the smaller speech communities of the world. These keys will be lost as languages and cultures die. Our languages are joint creative productions that each generation adds to. Languages contain generations of wisdom, going back into antiquity. Our languages contain a significant part of the world’s knowledge and wisdom. When a language is lost, much of the knowledge that language represents is also gone (p. 4). Aside from the fear of severe punishment, this repression of non-English-languages also resulted to the lack of foreign-language skills among the US populace. This became evident when the need for military and civilian personnel who were proficient in many languages during World War II. Because of this, a radical change happened. US personnel returning overseas helped convince the government of the importance of multiple language resources (Pena, 1976a). The United States’ increasing need to compete for international status and power, influenced by the cold war mentality and the Soviets’ launching of Sputnik, led to an increasing need to expand their foreign-language skills. In 1958, the National Defense Education Act was approved providing federal money for the expansion of foreign-language teaching.

Thursday, January 2, 2020

Benefiting From Open Source Servers - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1925 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example?   The highest aim of the thesis is to consult the open source servers and knowing out their benefits in business industry. Owing to the extensive development of technology, it is high time to consider the best to be done to sustain and improve the businesses. The primary aim of a business person is not just bringing revenue for him/herself, but to look at long-term growth, one has to focus on achieving customers needs, being able to resolve issues in a sophisticated manner and keep the technology used in the business premises to be updated. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Benefiting From Open Source Servers" essay for you Create order The commanding  tools  are  near to authority and  privation.  The only for  database  management  systems  (DBMSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s),  there  seems  to  be  good market  as of the open  source  products  are  used  in  organization,  that includes  businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?critical  analysis models  such  as  online  travel  booking,  management  of  client  inventories  for  telecommunications,  etc.  (Yuhanna, 2006) ( Christian Thomsen and Torben Bach Pedersen,2009).Business can be of small scale or medium scale or large scale. Irrespective of the type of business, computing system can play a vital role in business, though the type and intensity of computing system technology required and used may vary. As the business grow, the de mand for the technology also rise which leaves a platform for the computing system to play a lead role. Increase in the size of the industry needs more manpower and more hours of labour. This increased labour cost can be kept in control by adapting modern technologies in business world. This literature review should enable us to understand the importance of the open source servers and its importance in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business world. LITERATURE REVIEW: An open source server is described as a system where we can find a large number of computers and their suitable applications, their associated applications with normal database. Open source servers play an important position in business. The early development of open source servers is called as the Grid system. As the technological improvement in information technology is increasing, there should be kept more focus on information systems and the websites. As the term web had achieved the standard area where the developers are tested, while information system is being developing by the help of service-oriented architectures (SOA). The improvement is expandable, which makes hard to executive the limitations between the enterprise management services and internet services. These developed techniques can be able to visible to the organizations to bring out their business online. Business can be of can be handled by single or with multiple members or clients as we can spell them as partnerships method. In this type of methods, the private business processes can be displayed or captured by the partners via public composite web applications. This helps the new business partners to receive some guidance on how to handle the work and also provide solutions for any technical troubles such as security and application conception.As we know that the top organizations just like Apple,IBM, and Microsoft got the direct proportion between the innovations and the stability of the firm. And such ideas had been supported by the American government owing to the demands for the developments in technology. Depending on the demands of the businesses, the website providers can either increase or reduce the capacity in information systems. Most of the open source applications are developed jointly by developers all around the world, connected by the Internet, as this is the advanced and well applicable technology which can help clients manage their costs. This technology is us eful for businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s which uses multiple servers. Open for Todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Companies Source: A Strategic Technology Approach These are the offers that had been visible for an open source server or software in order to transfer companies and their developers. Since from the last decade of time, most of its values had being created at the level of implementing the application to databases, application servers, operating systems, development tools, and so many etc. As it might be luring to imagine that an open source server is really just about doing the source code letting available for explore. If we drop code into a public locality and do wish to move the advancement on the private copy in the interior of our organization, as we are not done with the open source servers at this particular instant time. As on if we are running a authority access module or just giving the extra information as a documentation work. In order to develop or make advance of an exact leveling of trust or the belief, the one the code which we had written as there must be the exact module or the access the code out that there must be the original access code that the advancing developers are working on it on. We might be knowing that various modules have being cleared out while the access code is being checked for confirming that it works on, other than but it must be a genuine on a module-by-module based not on the entire access base. As of we rectified, in business that as the loads of the file capacity goes more or get larger, then a better implementations techniques of technology had to be insured to get in to this competition world. The one such type of technology is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Digital Technologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, where most of the business uses are in their daily life. As the business is expanding, then the demand to maintain it increases as well. And these demands are quite strong and need to be met in a smart way to survive in this economic world. Apart from just the technology there is lot more need to be involved in it. By utilising the latest computing technology, one can not only make the inf rastructure look better, but they also will succeed in providing best customer service. The business process can be made more efficient and effective and by doing all above, they can easily bag better business deals and improve the incoming revenue. According to Bartlette (2000) in his study highlighted the crisis which the information technology industry has faced due to the computing problem is intense. The computers failed to calculate accurately the year 2000 being a historic two-digit programming and this can explain how important are computers in daily life for an individual and as well as a business set-up. A tremendous improvement in Information technology and various developments that are happening in engineering related topics may canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t develops or improve the business. Best customer service, efficient and flexible methods and delivery in short span are the key success in business. Business renovation (BR) and continuous process improvement with suitabl e information technology strategies are key areas to be focused while improving the business. Information Technology is playing a major role in business by creating innovative ideas and implementing new procedures. Business is a complex phenomenon with extreme risks in this computing economic world. Taking right decisions at right times is outmost important in business development by the management. Business can be defined as individual thoughts which are put in to practice by following the ethics while aiming towards economic-financial purposefulness. A business when improving from small to medium or to large demands increased in material, man power and financial resources. Among the above mentioned, human resource plays a vital role in business as it controls the technology. A group of technologies combined to form social computing which is new evolution of the web. Social computing plays immense role in the business world which has the capability to impact the society technologic ally and economically. The computer systems are no less efficient than the human body. Autonomic computing is defined as the discipline which intends to learn from the bodily operating system. The computer technology is equally efficient and complicated as well as fragile as the human body and is compared to the autonomic nervous system in the humans which controls the involuntary human physiological activities. This concept of autonomic computing originated in the year 2001 from IBM (Cooter and Max, 2010). Stockinger(2006), in his short study on grid computing system revealed, it plays a key role in solving scientific, technical or business problems which might demand multiple computer processing cycles while working on large amount of data. Grid Computing is a unified pattern of computer resources from multiple administrative domains aiming for a common goal. Supporting Stockinger(2006), Liang-Jie et al (2004) mentioned the underused capacity of the computers has been taken utilis ed in grid computing technology to solve business problems and they indirectly provide additional support to the IT-level infrastructure to support business applications. By using grid computing technology the vendor has complete control and depending on his/her requirement he can upgrade and maintains the application. Hence it is very well understood, grid computing system supports the business big time. Benefits and Risks of Open Source Software Compared to Traditional COTS: The instant release rate of OSS assigns attaches and fixes quickly, possibly an order of magnitude quicker than those of commercial applications. Open Source applications is approximately easy to fix it because it frequently incorporates aspects such as central administration and distinct management. Because the access code is publicly available, Program Managers can have the access confirmed to meet their specific needs and tightly authority system resources. Moreover, Program Managers can re-use code written by others for familiar operations or ambitions. CONCLUSION: In this study, it is proved that the use of open source servers had a great impact on the business related ones. And almost every business irrespective of its size tends to have their own required level of using the open source servers in their area of specification of the systems that are embedded in their business models. The larger the size of the business, the more efficient the use of the open source servers technology is going to implemented in that.So finally we can conclude that by the usage of the open source servers in the business , it provides a quality of refinement, that it provides to work at and also provides customers the best of the service in the industry of all their best. It is also proved that by using of this open source servers can minutes the unnecessary cost by using it when required. To that conclude, that open source servers of a system has a huge impact on business and yields totally positive results. DISCUSSION:  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š The following is a brief examination or a study mainly that focus on the importance of the usage of open source servers in Business it has been identified where computing system stands in modern industrialized world. For a business to grow, one needs man power, good products, excellent marketing system etc.   But out of the all above mentioned, it is also important to have the recent technology being used in the business firms.   Using latest technology makes business easier in many ways.   Computing system plays a major role in present generation.   the more sophisticated is the technology the better the yield would be in business.   The above mentioned statement had been proved in this study.   After careful analysation of the selected articles, one should understand the necessity for the use of computing system in business.   Irrespective of a small scale or medium scale or a large scale industry, implementing computing systems in business can certainly yield better results, which was proved in this study. As the business improves and grows up the ladder, one cannot be technically or technologically challenged, instead should try and win the race by acquainting to the recent and evolving computing technology. Â